Self-Starting Enhancement of Small-Scale H-Darrieus VAWTs for Urban Low-Wind Conditions: A Taxonomy of Strategies, Biomimetic Flow Control, and Design Guidelines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66173/jenmas.2026.123Keywords:
Vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), H-Darrieus turbine, Self-starting capability, Urban wind energy, Low wind speed, Biomimetic flow control, Passive flow control, Aerodynamic optimization, J-shaped airfoil, Leading-edge tubercleAbstract
Poor self-starting under low and turbulent urban winds remains a key limitation for small-scale H-Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs). This review presents a comprehensive and design-oriented synthesis of strategies to enhance self-starting performance in micro-scale H-VAWTs. The study systematically classifies existing approaches into five major categories: rotor configuration modifications, aerodynamic blade design strategies, passive flow control techniques, biomimetic innovations, and active/semi-active mechanisms. Fundamental startup physics, including static and dynamic torque behavior, low tip-speed ratio dead-band, and Reynolds number effects, are critically examined in relation to urban wind characteristics. A detailed comparative evaluation of over 150 studies is conducted to identify the effectiveness, limitations, and trade-offs of each strategy. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging biomimetic approaches such as leading-edge tubercles and J-shaped blades, which demonstrate significant potential in mitigating stall and enhancing low-speed torque without substantial efficiency penalties. Manufacturing considerations, including additive manufacturing feasibility and structural implications, are also discussed. Based on this synthesis, practical design guidelines are developed to support the development of reliable, low cut-in speed VAWTs for urban applications. The review highlights critical research gaps, including the need for standardized testing protocols and long-term field validation. Overall, this work provides a structured roadmap for overcoming the self-starting bottleneck and advancing the viability of decentralized urban wind energy systems.
References
[1] Y. Kumar, S. Roga, and N. K. Wanmali, "Experimental analysis of hybrid VAWT and the effect of semi-cylindrical attachment to the trailing edge," Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 74, pp. 115-126, Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2023.03.013
[2] "Renewables 2022 - Analysis - IEA." Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022
[3] "IEC 61400-2:2013 | IEC." Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5433
[4] Y. Celik, D. Ingham, L. Ma, and M. Pourkashanian, "Novel hybrid blade design and its impact on the overall and self-starting performance of a three-dimensional H-type Darrieus wind turbine," J. Fluids Struct., vol. 119, May 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2023.103876
[5] D. De Tavernier, C. Ferreira, and A. Goude, "Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Aerodynamics," Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics: With 678 Figures and 33 Tables, pp. 1317-1361, Jan. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31307-4_64
[6] L. J. R. Nunes, M. Casau, M. F. Dias, J. C. O. Matias, and L. C. Teixeira, "Numerical and experimental investigation of Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines to enhance self-starting at low wind speeds," Results in Engineering, vol. 24, p. 103240, Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101010
[7] F. Ghafoorian, E. Enayati, S. R. Mirmotahari, and H. Wan, "Self-Starting Improvement and Performance Enhancement in Darrieus VAWTs Using Auxiliary Blades and Deflectors," Machines, vol. 12, no. 11, Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110806
[8] A. A. Ibrahim, A. M. R. Elbaz, P. F. Melani, O. S. Mohamed, and A. Bianchini, "Power augmentation of Darrieus wind turbine blades using trapped vortex cavity," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 223, Apr. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.104949
[9] M. J. Page et al., "The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews," BMJ, vol. 372, Mar. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
[10] "Wind Turbines | Cambridge University Press & Assessment." Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/sa/universitypress/subjects/engineering/energy-technology/wind-turbines-theory-and-practice?format=HB&isbn=9781108478328
[11] J. F. Manwell, J. G. Mcgowan, and A. L. Rogers, "WIND ENERGY EXPLAINED THEORY, DESIGN AND APPLICATION SECOND EDITION 'A very comprehensive and well-organized treatment of the current status of wind power.,'" THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION, vol. 41, no. 2, 2004, Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: www.wiley.com/go/wind_energy
[12] A. Tayebi and F. Torabi, "Flow control techniques to improve the aerodynamic performance of Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines: A critical review," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 252, Sep. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105820
[13] Uwe. Ritschel and Michael. Beyer, "Designing wind turbines : engineering and manufacturing process in the industrial context," p. 174, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08549-9
[14] P. R. Ebert and D. H. Wood, "Observations of the starting behaviour of a small horizontal-axis wind turbine," Renew. Energy, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 245-257, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(97)00035-9
[15] B. Kirke, "Evaluation of Self-Starting Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for Stand-Alone Applications," 1998, doi: 10.25904/1912/1503.
[16] N. Hill, R. Dominy, G. Ingram, and J. Dominy, "Darrieus turbines: The physics of self-starting," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 223, no. 1, pp. 21-29, Feb. 2009, https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509JPE615
[17] S. Y. Sun, H. J. Liu, and H. Y. Peng, "Power performance and self-starting features of H-rotor and helical vertical axis wind turbines with different airfoils in turbulence," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 292, p. 1, Sep. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117405
[18] L. Du, G. Ingram, and R. G. Dominy, "A review of H-Darrieus wind turbine aerodynamic research," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., vol. 233, no. 23-24, pp. 7590-7616, Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219885962
[19] S. Worasinchai, G. L. Ingram, and R. G. Dominy, "The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behavior," J. Eng. Gas Turbine. Power, vol. 138, no. 6, Jun. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031870
[20] L. DU, "Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Darrieus Wind Turbine Start-up and Operation," 2016.
[21] Y. Celik, "(PDF) Aerodynamics and Self-Starting of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines with J-Shaped Aerofoils." Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353038136_Aerodynamics_and_Self-Starting_of_Vertical_Axis_Wind_Turbines_with_J-Shaped_Aerofoils
[22] S. R. Selvarajoo and Z. Mohamed-Kassim, "The effects of dynamic stalls on the aerodynamics and performance of a Darrieus rotor during self-start," Physics of Fluids, vol. 36, no. 1, Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0180107
[23] H. Zhu, W. Hao, C. Li, S. Luo, Q. Liu, and C. Gao, "Effect of geometric parameters of Gurney flap on performance enhancement of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine," Renew. Energy, vol. 165, pp. 464-480, Mar. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.027
[24] N. Jenkins, T. Burton, E. Bossanyi, D. Sharpe, and M. Graham, "Wind Energy Handbook, 3rd ed," Wind Energy Handbook 3e, pp. i-xlvii, Apr. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119451143.fmatter
[25] M. A. Rosato, "Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation: Design and Construction." Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.routledge.com/Small-Wind-Turbines-for-Electricity-and-Irrigation-Design-and-Construction/AlejandroRosato/p/book/9781138570191
[26] H. Seifi Davari, R. M. Botez, M. Seify Davari, H. Chowdhury, and H. Hosseinzadeh, "Blade height impact on self-starting torque for Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines," Energy Conversion and Management: X, vol. 24, Oct. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100814
[27] L. Q. Sang et al., "A Method to Design an Efficient Airfoil for Small Wind Turbines in Low Wind Speed Conditions Using XFLR5 and CFD Simulations," Energies (Basel)., vol. 17, no. 16, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.3390/en17164113. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164113
[28] K. Naik and N. Sahoo, "Aerodynamic performance and starting torque enhancement of small-scale Darrieus type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines with J-shaped airfoil," Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 16, no. 3, May 2024, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203557
[29] A. Rezaeiha, H. Montazeri, and B. Blocken, "Towards optimal aerodynamic design of vertical axis wind turbines: Impact of solidity and number of blades," Energy, vol. 165, pp. 1129-1148, Dec. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.192
[30] Y. Celik, D. Ingham, L. Ma, and M. Pourkashanian, "Design and Aerodynamic Performance Analyses of the Self-Starting H-Type Vawt Having J-Shaped Aerofoils Considering Various Design Parameters Using Cfd," SSRN Electronic Journal, Feb. 2022, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4023091
[31] P. M. Kumar, K. Sivalingam, T. C. Lim, S. Ramakrishna, and H. Wei, "Strategies for Enhancing the Low Wind Speed Performance of H-Darrieus Wind Turbine-Part 1," Clean Technologies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 185-204, Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010013
[32] C. Bak, "Airfoil Design," Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics, pp. 95-122, Jan. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31307-4_3
[33] K. Elangovan and S. N. Pillai, "Effect of Pitch Angle on Structural and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) Using Leading-Edge Protuberance Blades," Energies (Basel)., vol. 18, no. 2, Jan. 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020286
[34] M. S. Abul-Ela, M. E. F. ElRefaie, and A. I. Sayed, "Enhancing vertical-axis wind turbine self-starting with distinctive blade airfoil designs," Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, vol. 72, no. 1, Dec. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00660-6
[35] A. Abdolahifar, H. Montazeri, and A. Zanj, "Towards enhanced startup performance of Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines: Key flow features at moderate tip speed ratios," Renew. Energy, vol. 256, Jan. 2026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123778
[36] R. Farzadi, D. Gharapetian, and M. Bazargan, "Comprehensive study of vortices interaction and blades height effect in a Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine with J-type blades," Energy Sci. Eng., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 4371-4393, Oct. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1892
[37] K. Naik and N. Sahoo, "Synergistic Effect of J-Shape Airfoil on the Performance of Darrieus-Type Straight-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine," J. Energy Resour. Technol., vol. 145, no. 10, Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062082
[38] A. Abdallah, M. A. William, N. A. Moharram, and I. F. Zidane, "Boosting H-Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine performance: A CFD investigation of J-Blade aerodynamics," Results in Engineering, vol. 27, Sep. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106358
[39] R. Farzadi and M. Bazargan, "3D numerical simulation of the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine with J-type and straight blades under various operating conditions including self-starting mode," Energy, vol. 278, p. 128040, Sep. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128040
[40] O. Bel Laveda et al., "Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance and Structural Analysis of a 3D J-Shaped Based Small-Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine," Energies (Basel)., vol. 16, no. 20, Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207024
[41] T. Zhang, G. Wang, and Q. Li, "Effects of a J-Shaped Blade on the Performance of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Using the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation Method," Machines, vol. 13, no. 5, May 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13050403
[42] M. Maalouly, M. Souaiby, A. ElCheikh, J. S. Issa, and M. Elkhoury, "Transient analysis of H-type Vertical Axis Wind Turbines using CFD," Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 4570-4588, Nov. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.136
[43] H. Huang, J. Luo, and G. Li, "Study on the optimal design of vertical axis wind turbine with novel variable solidity type for self-starting capability and aerodynamic performance," Energy, vol. 271, May 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127031
[44] H. Huang, J. Li, and G. Li, "Improving the self-starting and operating characteristics of vertical axis wind turbine by changing center distance in part of blades," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 68, Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105974
[45] L. Du, G. Ingram, and R. G. Dominy, "Experimental study of the effects of turbine solidity, blade profile, pitch angle, surface roughness, and aspect ratio on the H-Darrieus wind turbine self-starting and overall performance," Energy Sci. Eng., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2421-2436, Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.430
[46] H. Mirzaeian, B. Ghobadian, and M. Mirhosseini, "Performance Analysis and Optimization of Dual-Row Vertical Axis Wind Turbines With Innovative Hybrid Blades," Energy Sci. Eng., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 3171-3184, Jun. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70095
[47] M. Ahmad, A. Shahzad, and S. I. A. Shah, "Experimental investigation and analysis of proposed hybrid vertical axis wind turbine design," Energy and Environment, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 756-785, Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X231181675
[48] M. Ahmad, A. Shahzad, F. Akram, F. Ahmad, and S. I. A. Shah, "Design optimization of Double-Darrieus hybrid vertical axis wind turbine," Ocean Engineering, vol. 254, Jun. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111171
[49] K. U. Reddy, B. Deb, and B. Roy, "Experimental Study on Influence of Aspect Ratio and Auxiliary Blade Profile on the Performance of H-Type Darrieus Wind Rotor," Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1913-1929, Feb. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08049-4
[50] M. S. U. Khalid, D. Wood, and A. Hemmati, "Self-Starting Characteristics and Flow-Induced Rotation of Single- and Dual-Stage Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines," Energies (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 24, Dec. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249365
[51] P. Wiśniewski, F. Balduzzi, Z. Buliński, and A. Bianchini, "Numerical analysis on the effectiveness of Gurney flaps as power augmentation devices for airfoils subject to a continuous variation of the angle of attack by use of full and surrogate models," Energies (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 8, Apr. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081877
[52] Y. Yan, E. Avital, J. Williams, and J. Cui, "Performance Improvements for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine by Means of Gurney Flap," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, vol. 142, no. 2, Feb. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044995
[53] Y. Chakroun and G. Bangga, "Aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil and vertical axis wind turbine employed with gurney flaps," Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 8, Apr. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084284
[54] A. Bianchini, F. Balduzzi, D. Di Rosa, and G. Ferrara, "On the use of Gurney Flaps for the aerodynamic performance augmentation of Darrieus wind turbines," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 184, pp. 402-415, Mar. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.068
[55] T. P. Syawitri, Y. Yao, J. Yao, and B. Chandra, "Geometry optimisation of vertical axis wind turbine with Gurney flap for performance enhancement at low, medium and high ranges of tip speed ratios," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 49, Feb. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101779
[56] W. A. Eltayeb and J. Somlal, "Performance enhancement of Darrieus wind turbines using Plain Flap and Gurney Flap configurations: A CFD analysis," Results in Engineering, vol. 24, Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103400
[57] A. R. Sengupta, Y. Kumar, A. Biswas, and R. Gupta, "Performance investigation of cavity shaped blade on H-Darrieus wind turbine in built environmental condition," Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 47, no. 2, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2022.2038311
[58] M. Yousefi Roshan, J. Khaleghinia, M. Eshagh Nimvari, and H. Salarian, "Performance improvement of Darrieus wind turbine using different cavity layouts," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 246, Oct. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114693
[59] S. Yoo and S. Oh, "Flow analysis and optimization of a vertical axis wind turbine blade with a dimple," Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1666-1681, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2021.1989041
[60] S. Mitchell, I. Ogbonna, and K. Volkov, "Improvement of self-starting capabilities of vertical axis wind turbines with new design of turbine blades," Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 7, Apr. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073854
[61] H. Zhu, W. Hao, C. Li, and Q. Ding, "Numerical study of effect of solidity on vertical axis wind turbine with Gurney flap," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 186, pp. 17-31, Mar. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.12.016
[62] K. Kord and M. Bazargan, "Numerical Investigation on J-Shaped Straight-Bladed Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Equipped with Gurney Flaps," Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8992210
[63] A. N. C. Gonçalves, J. M. C. Pereira, and J. M. M. Sousa, "Passive control of dynamic stall in a H-Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine using blade leading-edge protuberances," Appl. Energy, vol. 324, Oct. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119700
[64] M. Zamani, A. Sangtarash, and M. Javad Maghrebi, "Numerical Study of Porous Media Effect on the Blade Surface of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Enhancement of Aerodynamic Performance," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 245, Oct. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114598
[65] O. S. Mohamed, A. A. Ibrahim, A. K. Etman, A. A. Abdelfatah, and A. M. R. Elbaz, "Numerical investigation of Darrieus wind turbine with slotted airfoil blades," Energy Conversion and Management: X, vol. 5, Jan. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2019.100026
[66] S. Li and P. Zhang, "Enhancing Flow Separation Control Using Hybrid Passive and Active Actuators in a Matrix Configuration," Aerospace, vol. 11, no. 6, Jun. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11060422
[67] A. Abdolahifar and A. Zanj, "A review of available solutions for enhancing aerodynamic performance in Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines: A comparative discussion," Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 327, no. 20, p. 119575, Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119575
[68] L. Ma, X. Wang, J. Zhu, and S. Kang, "Dynamic stall of a vertical-axis wind turbine and its control using plasma actuation," Energies (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 19, Sep. 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193738
[69] M. Zare Chavoshi and A. Ebrahimi, "Self-starting and performance improvement of a Darrieus type wind turbine using the plasma actuator," Physics of Fluids, vol. 36, no. 5, May 2024, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204159
[70] M. Zare Chavoshi et al., "Plasma actuator effects on the flow physics of dynamic stall for a vertical axis wind turbine," PhFl, vol. 34, no. 7, p. 075131, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0099993
[71] M. A. Daraee and S. Abbasi, "A novel approach to performance improvement of a VAWT using plasma actuators," J. Clean. Prod., vol. 424, p. 138876, Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138876
[72] S. Abbasi and M. A. Daraee, "Improving vertical-axis wind turbine performance through innovative combination of deflector and plasma actuator," Physics of Fluids, vol. 36, no. 4, Apr. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204070
[73] Q. Gao, S. Lian, and H. Yan, "Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Adaptive Drag-Lift Hybrid Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine," Energies (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 15, Aug. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155600
[74] Q. Liu, W. Miao, Q. Ye, and C. Li, "Performance assessment of an innovative Gurney flap for straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine," Renew. Energy, vol. 185, pp. 1124-1138, Feb. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.098
[75] K. Y. Lee, A. Cruden, J. H. Ng, and K. H. Wong, "Maximizing efficiency with active diameter modulation of vertical axis wind turbine," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 80, Aug. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104363
[76] S. Chegini, M. Asadbeigi, F. Ghafoorian, and M. Mehrpooya, "An investigation into the self-starting of darrieus-savonius hybrid wind turbine and performance enhancement through innovative deflectors: A CFD approach," Ocean Engineering, vol. 287, Nov. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115910
[77] X. H. Wang, K. H. Wong, W. T. Chong, J. H. Ng, C. J. Qiu, and C. S. Khor, "Performance evaluation of a downwind diffuser on vertical axis wind turbine," Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 351-369, Jan. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6890
[78] E. Fatahian, R. Mishra, F. F. Jackson, and H. Fatahian, "Optimization and analysis of self-starting capabilities of vertical axis wind turbine pairs: A CFD-Taguchi approach," Ocean Engineering, vol. 302, Jun. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117614
[79] Y. Li, G. Tong, Y. Ma, F. Feng, and K. Tagawa, "Numerical study on aerodynamic performance improvement of the straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine by using wind concentrators," Renew. Energy, vol. 219, Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119545
[80] Y. Bazilevs, A. Korobenko, X. Deng, J. Yan, M. Kinzel, and J. O. Dabiri, "Fluid-structure interaction modeling of vertical-axis wind turbines," Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME, vol. 81, no. 8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027466
[81] W. Liu and Q. Xiao, "Investigation on Darrieus type straight blade vertical axis wind turbine with flexible blade," Ocean Engineering, vol. 110, pp. 339-356, Dec. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.10.027
[82] M. A. Moreno-Armendáriz, E. Ibarra-Ontiveros, H. Calvo, and C. A. Duchanoy, "Integrated Surrogate Optimization of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine," Energies 2022, Vol. 15, vol. 15, no. 1, Dec. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010233
[83] F. Guerrero-Villar, E. Torres-Jimenez, R. Dorado-Vicente, and J. I. Jiménez-González, "Development of Vertical Wind Turbines via FDM Prototypes," Procedia Eng., vol. 132, pp. 78-85, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.482
[84] I. Tsionas, M. Llaguno-Munitxa, and A. Stephan, "Environmental effects of urban wind energy harvesting: a review," Buildings and Cities, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.491
[85] J. S. Gallegos-Molina and E. Chavero-Navarrete, "A Systematic Review of Technological Strategies to Improve Self-Starting in H-Type Darrieus VAWT," Sep. 01, 2025, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177878
[86] Y. Zhang, M. Zhao, and M. Zhang, "Research on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine blades with leading-edge protuberances," Ocean Engineering, vol. 280, p. 114615, Jul. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114615
[87] F. Omidvarnia and A. Sarhadi, "Nature-Inspired Designs in Wind Energy: A Review," Biomimetics, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 90, Feb. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9020090
[88] P. Prakash, L. K. Pendyala, R. C. Teladevalapalli, and S. Mitra, "A real-time experimental investigation of thin cambered tubercle blades for performance improvement of Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine," 2023 7th International Conference on Green Energy and Applications, ICGEA 2023, pp. 257-261, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGEA57077.2023.10125996
[89] Roy, S., Das, B. & Biswas, A. A comprehensive review of the application of bio-inspired tubercles on the horizontal axis wind turbine blade. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 4695-4722 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03784-3
[90] . Davari, Hossein Seifi, Ruxandra Mihaela Botez, Mohsen Seify Davari, Harun Chowdhury, and Hasan Hosseinzadeh. "Numerical and experimental investigation of Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines to enhance self-starting at low wind speeds." Results in Engineering 24 (2024): 103240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103240
[91] A. N. C. Gonçalves, J. M. C. Pereira, and J. M. M. Sousa, "Passive control of dynamic stall in a H-Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine using blade leading-edge protuberances," Appl. Energy, vol. 324, no. 11, p. 119700, Oct. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119700
[92] J. R. Holden, T. M. Caley, and M. G. Turner, "Maple Seed Performance as a Wind Turbine," 2015, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1304
[93] G. Abate and H. P. Monner, "MORPHING LEADING-EDGE TUBERCLES ON CESSNA 172 WING".
[94] K. Sunderland, T. Woolmington, J. Blackledge, and M. Conlon, "Small wind turbines in turbulent (urban) environments: A consideration of normal and Weibull distributions for power prediction," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 121, pp. 70-81, Oct. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.08.001
[95] "Small Wind Guidebook | Department of Energy." Accessed: Mar. 10, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/windexchange/windexchange/small-wind-guidebook
[96] A. Zagubień and K. Wolniewicz, "Energy Efficiency of Small Wind Turbines in an Urbanized Area-Case Studies," Energies 2022, Vol. 15, vol. 15, no. 14, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145287
[97] O. S. Mohamed, A. M. R. Elbaz, and A. Bianchini, "A better insight on physics involved in the self-starting of a straight-blade Darrieus wind turbine by means of two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 218, p. 104793, Nov. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104793
[98] Anup, K.C., Whale, J. and Urmee, T., 2019. Urban wind conditions and small wind turbines in the built environment: A review. Renewable energy, 131, pp.268-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.050
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Hani Ibrahim, Amer Anwar, Yahia Abdullatef, Asad A. Zaidi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article published by the Journal of Energy, Materials & Sustainability (JENMAS) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are properly credited.
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
